Citations & Sources
Our models are built off of multi-disciplinary research. We maintain a bibliography of the citations used to drive our analysis and help curious users learn more.
Daily Cardiovascular Exercise Time
"Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence", PMC, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1402378/
“Long-term health benefits of physical activity – a systematic review of longitudinal studies”, BMC, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2458-13-813
Daily Resting Heart Rate
"Resting Heart Rate Reference Data for Children, Adolescents, and Adults: United States, 1999–2008", National Health Statistics Reports, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr041.pdf
Daily Heart Rate Variability
"Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation, and Clinical Use", Circulation, https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
“The effect of age on the heart rate variability of healthy subjects”, PLoS, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0255894
Heart Rate Recovery
"Heart Rate Recovery After Exercise and Neural Regulation of Heart Rate Variability in 30-40 Year Old Female Marathon Runners", JSports Sci Med, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3880089/
VO2 Max
"VO2 max", Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max
Weight
"Body mass index", Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index
Body Fat Percentage
"Body Fat Percentage", Healthline, https://www.healthline.com/health/exercise-fitness/ideal-body-fat-percentage
Lean Body Mass
"Lean Body Mass", Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_body_mass
Height
"Average Height for Men and Women", Verywell Fit, https://www.verywellfit.com/average-height-for-men-and-women-2632137
Body Mass Index
"Body mass index", Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index
Waist Circumference
"Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation", World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241501491
Strength Assessments
"Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans", U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition
"How Many Pull-Ups Should I Be Able to Do?", Healthline, https://strengthlevel.com/strength-standards/pull-ups/lb
"Pushup Test Norms", Strength Level, https://strengthlevel.com/strength-standards/push-ups/lb
"Strength Standards", Strength Level, https://strengthlevel.com/strength-standards/deadlift
"Strength Standards", Strength Level, https://strengthlevel.com/strength-standards/bench-press
"Strength Standards", Strength Level, https://strengthlevel.com/strength-standards/squat
"What’s A Good Hang Time? Average Dead Hang Times By Age, Sex, + Fitness Level", Marathon Handbook, https://marathonhandbook.com/good-hang-time/
"TrainerMetrics", Max-Time: Plank, https://www.trainermetrics.com/fitness-assessment-calculations/max-time-plank/
"Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans", U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf
Daily Steps
"10,000 steps a day: Too low? Too high?", Mayo Clinic, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/10000-steps/art-20317391
Daily Standing Time
"How much do you sit, stand, and move each day?", Harvard Health Publishing, https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/how-much-do-you-sit-stand-and-move-each-day
Mobility Assessments
"Wrist and Hand Examination", Physiopedia, https://www.physio-pedia.com/Wrist_and_Hand_Examination
"Physical Examination of the Hip", Sports Health, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8167346/
"How to Conduct a Shoulder Assessment", Stanford Medicine, https://stanfordmedicine25.stanford.edu/the25/shoulder.html
"Functional Movement Screening", Strength and Conditioning Journal, https://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/
"FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREENING: THE USE OF FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS AS AN ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTION", International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4060319/
“Mobility Assessment”, https://nick-e.com/mobility-assessment/
Markers
"Mean Fasting Blood Glucose", World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/2380
“Association of 152 Biomarker Reference Intervals with All-Cause Mortality in Participants of a General United States Survey from 1999 to 2010”, Clinical Chemistry, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8142683/
"Normal Ranges for Respiratory Rates", American Thoracic Society, https://www.thoracic.org/
"Management of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol", JAMA, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama
"Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Disease Risk", The Lancet, https://www.thelancet.com/
"ALT Levels and Liver Health", Hepatology, https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
"HbA1c as a Diagnostic Tool", The New England Journal of Medicine, https://www.nejm.org/
"Energy Expenditure Guidelines", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, https://academic.oup.com/ajcn
"Peak Expiratory Flow Measurement in Clinical Practice", American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, https://www.atsjournals.org/
"Oxygen Saturation and Its Importance in Health", American Thoracic Society Journals, https://www.atsjournals.org/
"Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Pressure", The American College of Cardiology, https://www.jacc.org/
"Blood Pressure Standards and Cardiovascular Risk", Hypertension, https://www.ahajournals.org/journal/hyp
"Understanding VLDL Cholesterol Levels", Journal of the American Heart Association, https://www.ahajournals.org/journal/jaha
"HDL Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risk", The Lancet, https://www.thelancet.com/
"Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Disease", JAMA Cardiology, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology
"Peak Expiratory Flow Measurement in Clinical Practice", American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, https://www.atsjournals.org/
"Oxygen Saturation and Its Importance in Health", American Thoracic Society Journals, https://www.atsjournals.org/
"Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Pressure", The American College of Cardiology, https://www.jacc.org/
"Blood Pressure Standards and Cardiovascular Risk", Hypertension, https://www.ahajournals.org/journal/hyp
"Understanding VLDL Cholesterol Levels", Journal of the American Heart Association, https://www.ahajournals.org/journal/jaha
"HDL Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risk", The Lancet, https://www.thelancet.com/
"Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Disease", JAMA Cardiology, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology
"Basal Metabolic Rate and Resting Energy Expenditure", Mayo Clinic Proceedings, https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/
"Activity-Related Energy Expenditure", Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse
Nutritional & Dietary
"Dietary Reference Intakes", National Academies Press, https://www.nap.edu/
"Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Health", Circulation, https://www.ahajournals.org/journal/circ
"Protein Recommendations for Adults", Journal of Nutrition, https://academic.oup.com/jn
"Dietary Fiber Guidelines", The Lancet, https://www.thelancet.com/
"WHO Guidelines on Sugar Intake", World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/
"Carbohydrates and Human Health", Annual Review of Nutrition, https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/nutr
"Sodium Intake and Cardiovascular Health", Journal of the American Heart Association, https://www.ahajournals.org/journal/jaha
"Potassium Intake and Blood Pressure", The New England Journal of Medicine, https://www.nejm.org/
"Calcium Requirements for Bone Health", Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, https://asbmr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
"Iron Requirements and Anemia Prevention", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, https://academic.oup.com/ajcn
"Vitamin D: Health Benefits and Recommended Intake", Mayo Clinic Proceedings, https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/
"Vitamin A: Essential Nutrient for Vision and Health", Nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
"Vitamin C and Immune Function", Nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
"Vitamin E and Its Role in Human Health", The Journal of Nutrition, https://academic.oup.com/jn
"Vitamin K: Implications for Cardiovascular Health", Nutrition Reviews, https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews
"Phosphorus Nutrition and Its Impact on Health", Nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
"Trace Elements and Health: The Role of Molybdenum", Environmental Health Perspectives, https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/
"Magnesium in Health and Disease", Nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
"Zinc: Essential for Immune Function", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, https://academic.oup.com/ajcn
"Copper and Its Role in Human Health", Nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
"Manganese and Its Importance in Human Nutrition", The Journal of Nutrition, https://academic.oup.com/jn
"Selenium and Its Health Benefits", Nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
"Thiamin Deficiency and Health Effects", Journal of Nutrition, https://academic.oup.com/jn
"Riboflavin: Functions and Recommendations", Nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
"Niacin Intake and Cardiovascular Health", Journal of Clinical Lipidology, https://www.lipidjournal.com/
"Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): Importance for Metabolism", Nutrition Reviews, https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews
"Vitamin B6 and Its Role in Metabolism", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, https://academic.oup.com/ajcn
"Biotin (Vitamin B7) and Its Functions", Nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
"Vitamin B12 and Its Impact on Health", The Lancet, https://www.thelancet.com/
"Folate and Health: Guidelines and Recommendations", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, https://academic.oup.com/ajcn
"Chromium in Human Nutrition", Nutrition Reviews, https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews
"Iodine and Its Role in Thyroid Function", Endocrine Reviews, https://academic.oup.com/edrv
"Electrolyte Balance and Chloride Intake", Journal of Clinical Nutrition, https://academic.oup.com/ajcn
Sleep
"Sleep Duration Recommendations", Sleep Health Journal, https://www.sleephealthjournal.org/
"Understanding Core Sleep and Its Importance", Nature and Science of Sleep, https://www.dovepress.com/nature-and-science-of-sleep-journal
"The Role of Deep Sleep in Health", Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, https://jcsm.aasm.org/
"REM Sleep and Cognitive Function", Sleep Medicine Reviews, https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/sleep-medicine-reviews
"Wakefulness and Health Outcomes", Sleep Health Journal, https://www.sleephealthjournal.org/